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Earth Lamia is a China-nexus cyber espionage threat actor tracked by some vendors as UNC5454. The group is known for rapidly exploiting newly disclosed web application vulnerabilities for initial access and has been observed targeting organizations across Latin America, the Middle East, and Southeast Asia. Reported victim sectors include financial services, logistics, retail, information technology, universities, and government. Earth Lamia’s tradecraft centers on opportunistic but operationally useful exploitation of internet-facing applications, particularly high-severity remote code execution and access control flaws. The group has been linked to exploitation of SAP NetWeaver Visual Composer vulnerability CVE-2025-31324 and React Server Components vulnerability CVE-2025-55182 shortly after public disclosure, reflecting a pattern of fast weaponization of public vulnerability information. In post-exploitation activity associated with these campaigns, China-nexus operators including Earth Lamia have been reported deploying tooling such as Cobalt Strike, Sliver, and Vshell, consistent with efforts to establish persistence, conduct follow-on access operations, and support espionage objectives. The actor is assessed as state-nexus and aligned with Chinese intelligence collection interests. Reporting consistently characterizes Earth Lamia as focused on cyber espionage rather than disruptive or purely financially motivated operations, although it has exploited the same vulnerabilities targeted by criminal and ransomware actors. Attribution can be complicated by shared infrastructure and anonymization services used across multiple China-linked intrusion sets, but Earth Lamia is repeatedly identified as a distinct cluster involved in exploitation of public-facing enterprise technologies. Known alias: UNC5454.
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Who, where, and (when attributed) which flag flies behind the operation. Pulled from open-source reporting and Mallory's analyst review.
Attributed origin per open-source reporting.
13 distinct techniques observed across reporting, grouped by tactic. Hover any cell for the evidence excerpt; click through for MITRE's full description.
3 malware families attributed to this actor across reporting.
4 CVEs this actor has used in observed campaigns. 4 of them exploited in the wild.
On December 5, 2025, just two days after the public disclosure of CVE-2025-55182 – a maximum-severity remote code execution vulnerability in React Server Components (RSCs) – the Sysdig Threat Research Team (TRT) recovered a novel implant from a compromised Next.js application.
Amazon threat intelligence teams observed them simultaneously exploiting other recent N-day vulnerabilities, including CVE-2025-1338.
The flaw has been tracked as CVE-2025-55182 for React and CVE-2025-66478 for Next.js, but Mitre... rejected the second CVE as duplicative.
CVE-2025-31324 (CVSS 10.0): A missing authorization check in the Visual Composer Metadata Uploader was actively exploited as a zero day by multiple threat actor groups, including Russian ransomware operators (BianLian, RansomEXX/Storm-2460), the Qilin ransomware as a service operation, and the China nexus APT group Earth Lamia.
50 indicators attributed to this actor: domains, IPs, hashes, and other artifacts pulled from reporting. View more in app.
20 sources tracked across advisories, community write-ups, and news. New activity surfaces here as Mallory finds it.
Mentioned as one of several threat actors that previously exploited SAP NetWeaver CVE-2025-31324 as a zero day.
Earth Lamia is a China-linked group exploiting web application vulnerabilities for remote code execution and web shell deployment.
China-linked espionage group exploiting CVE-2025-55182 for initial access and persistence in cloud and technology sectors in APAC.
Listed as a threat actor associated in the report’s aggregated section with exploitation activity around React2Shell (CVE-2025-55182) and related RSC/Next.js vulnerabilities.
Match sector + geo + tech-stack targeting against your real footprint.
Every observed MITRE ATT&CK technique, grouped by tactic.
Families this actor is known to deploy, with IOCs and behavior.
CVEs this actor has used in known campaigns.
YARA, Sigma, Snort, and vendor rules, auto-deployed to your SIEM.
Domains, IPs, and hashes tied to this actor, refreshed continuously.