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RomCom is a Russia-aligned threat actor tracked under aliases including Storm-0978, Void Rabisu, Tropical Scorpius, UNC2596, UNC4895, CIGAR, Underground Team, and in some reporting UAC-0180. The group has conducted both financially motivated cybercrime and targeted espionage operations, with activity increasingly focused on intelligence collection against organizations connected to Ukraine and broader European security interests. RomCom has been linked to ransomware operations, including Cuba ransomware deployment, while also running credential-gathering and backdoor-delivery campaigns against government, military, defense, and private-sector targets. RomCom is known for spear-phishing and other socially engineered initial-access operations using tailored lures, malicious documents, fake software downloads, and weaponized archives. The actor has repeatedly exploited high-profile client-side and document-related vulnerabilities in the wild, including CVE-2023-36884 and the WinRAR path traversal zero-day CVE-2025-8088, and has also been publicly tied to a 2024 Firefox-to-Windows exploit chain involving CVE-2024-9680 and CVE-2024-49039. Reported targeting includes government and defense entities in Europe and North America, organizations supporting Ukraine, and companies in sectors such as energy, pharmaceuticals, cybersecurity, manufacturing, logistics, and finance. Malware and tooling associated with RomCom include the ROMCOM backdoor family and related variants, SnipBot, RustyClaw, MeltingClaw, DustyHammock, ShadyHammock, TransferLoader, Mythic Agent, and in earlier ransomware-linked intrusions tooling used for reconnaissance, credential theft, privilege escalation, and security-tool disabling. Reported capabilities include command execution, file transfer, screenshot capture, software enumeration, browser-data collection, persistence via scheduled tasks, and staged payload retrieval. In ransomware-linked operations, the actor has also used double extortion and maintained a leak site through the Cuba ransomware ecosystem. RomCom overlaps with a broader Russian threat landscape in which criminal and state-aligned objectives can intersect. Public reporting characterizes the actor as dual-motive: financially motivated in some campaigns, but also conducting espionage likely aligned with Russian government interests, especially in operations targeting Ukrainian and European government and defense organizations.
Mallory correlates actor tradecraft and target patterns against your stack, your sector, and your geography. See overlap before they land.
Who, where, and (when attributed) which flag flies behind the operation. Pulled from open-source reporting and Mallory's analyst review.
Sectors the actor has been observed targeting.
Geographies tied to known operations.
Attributed origin per open-source reporting.
57 distinct techniques observed across reporting, grouped by tactic. Hover any cell for the evidence excerpt; click through for MITRE's full description.
30 malware families attributed to this actor across reporting.
25 additional families tracked in Mallory.
9 CVEs this actor has used in observed campaigns. 9 of them exploited in the wild.
In this blog post, I’ll be diving into the technical details of the WinRAR vulnerability, identified as CVE-2025-8088. This vulnerability carries a high severity score of 8.4 and affects WinRAR on Windows operating systems due to a path traversal flaw.
CVE-2023-36884 (CVSS: 8.3) - Office and Windows HTML Remote Code Execution Vulnerability. Security patches are not currently available to address this vulnerability. Exploitation of this vulnerability would require that an adversary tricks the end-user into opening a specially crafted malicious file. Microsoft has confirmed targeted exploitation by the Russian based threat actor group Storm-0978.
Two vulnerabilities (CVE-2024-9680 and CVE-2024-49039, detailed in the next section) were exploited as zero-days by CIGAR... it was later assigned CVE-2024-49039. ... The in-the-wild CVE-2024-49039 exploit ... could achieve both a sandbox escape and privilege escalation.
Tropical Scorpius has also been observed exploiting vulnerabilities in Microsoft Exchange Server, including ProxyShell and ProxyLogon.
Mandiant has also identified the exploitation of Microsoft Exchange vulnerabilities, including ProxyShell and ProxyLogon, as another access point leveraged by UNC2596 likely as early as August 2021.
4 more CVEs tied to this actor tracked in Mallory.
76 indicators attributed to this actor: domains, IPs, hashes, and other artifacts pulled from reporting. View more in app.
20 sources tracked across advisories, community write-ups, and news. New activity surfaces here as Mallory finds it.
Referenced as the likely related intrusion set whose historic campaigns overlap with SHADOW-VOID-042 in infrastructure, lures, and TTPs; described as an actor with both financial and espionage motivations aligned with Russian interests.
Referenced as one of several Russian hacking groups known to have exploited the WinRAR vulnerability CVE-2025-8088.
Used SocGholish to deliver Mythic Agent, demonstrating use of SocGholish as an initial access broker service.
Russia-linked threat actor also reported as exploiting CVE-2025-8088.
Match sector + geo + tech-stack targeting against your real footprint.
Every observed MITRE ATT&CK technique, grouped by tactic.
Families this actor is known to deploy, with IOCs and behavior.
CVEs this actor has used in known campaigns.
YARA, Sigma, Snort, and vendor rules, auto-deployed to your SIEM.
Domains, IPs, and hashes tied to this actor, refreshed continuously.