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HAFNIUM is a China-linked, state-sponsored cyber-espionage threat actor, also known as Silk Typhoon, Murky Panda, and Operation Exchange Marauder. It is best known for targeted exploitation of zero-day vulnerabilities in on-premises Microsoft Exchange Server during the ProxyLogon campaign in early 2021. The group used the vulnerabilities to obtain remote access, deploy web shells for persistent access, and expand access within victim environments. Its primary victims included U.S. organizations in infectious-disease research, defense contracting, higher education, legal services, policy organizations, and non-governmental organizations; related activity was also reported in Denmark. HAFNIUM has exported mailbox data using Exchange PowerShell functionality, exfiltrated data to cloud storage, downloaded post-exploitation tools to compromised hosts, used open-source command-and-control frameworks, encoded command-and-control traffic, and hidden files to evade detection. Its assessed objective is espionage and collection of sensitive organizational communications and data.
Mallory correlates actor tradecraft and target patterns against your stack, your sector, and your geography. See overlap before they land.
Who, where, and (when attributed) which flag flies behind the operation. Pulled from open-source reporting and Mallory's analyst review.
Sectors the actor has been observed targeting.
Geographies tied to known operations.
Attributed origin per open-source reporting.
46 distinct techniques observed across reporting, grouped by tactic. Hover any cell for the evidence excerpt; click through for MITRE's full description.
25 malware families attributed to this actor across reporting.
20 additional families tracked in Mallory.
17 CVEs this actor has used in observed campaigns. 17 of them exploited in the wild.
CVE-2021-26855 (CVSS Score: 9.1/10) – Is a server-side request forgery (SSRF) vulnerability in Microsoft Exchange, which allows a threat actor to send an arbitrary HTTP request and authenticate as the Exchange server.
CVE-2021-27065 (CVSS 7.8) is a post-authentication arbitrary file write vulnerability in Exchange. If the threat actor first authenticates with the Exchange server they could then use this vulnerability to write a file to any path on the server.
CVE-2021-26857 (CVSS Score: 7.8/10) – Is an insecure deserialization vulnerability in the Unified Messaging service and requires administrator privileges or the use of another vulnerability to exploit. This vulnerability gave HAFNIUM the controls to run code as SYSTEM on an exchange server.
CVE-2021-26858/CVE-2021-27065 (CVSS Score: 7.8/10) – Are post-authentication arbitrary file write vulnerabilities in Microsoft Exchange and require either compromising an admin’s credentials or the use of CVE-2021-26855.
They have gained initial access to victim systems by exploiting several vulnerabilities, including CVE-2023-3519 — a vulnerability affecting Citrix NetScaler ADC and NetScaler Gateway.
12 more CVEs tied to this actor tracked in Mallory.
120 indicators attributed to this actor: domains, IPs, hashes, and other artifacts pulled from reporting. View more in app.
20 sources tracked across advisories, community write-ups, and news. New activity surfaces here as Mallory finds it.
Cited as exfiltrating data to MEGA cloud storage.
Listed in the detection's APT annotations.
HAFNIUM is listed in the detection's ATT&CK annotations for T1068, Exploitation for Privilege Escalation.
Listed in the analytic's ATT&CK annotations.
Match sector + geo + tech-stack targeting against your real footprint.
Every observed MITRE ATT&CK technique, grouped by tactic.
Families this actor is known to deploy, with IOCs and behavior.
CVEs this actor has used in known campaigns.
YARA, Sigma, Snort, and vendor rules, auto-deployed to your SIEM.
Domains, IPs, and hashes tied to this actor, refreshed continuously.