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911 S5, also known as CloudRouter after its 2023 reappearance, was a large proxy botnet operation active from 2014 and associated with a Chinese national operator. It functioned by compromising victim devices through malicious proxy backdoors embedded in VPN applications, including illicit free VPN offerings bundled with pirated software and games. Once installed, the backdoor enabled third parties to relay traffic through infected systems, masking the true origin of downstream malicious activity behind victim infrastructure. The operation amassed a globally distributed pool of compromised devices spanning more than 190 countries and was described as one of the largest U.S.-based proxy botnet services. Its core capability was initial access via trojanized software distribution and subsequent persistence of proxy functionality on victim devices to support anonymization and abuse of compromised hosts. The botnet was disrupted in 2022, resurfaced in October 2023 under the CloudRouter name, and was dismantled by law enforcement in 2024.
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