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LARVA-241 is a tracking designation for activity associated with the Smishing Triad, a Chinese-origin phishing-as-a-service operation focused on large-scale SMS phishing. The actor has operated resilient, industrialized infrastructure and continued campaigns at scale into 2026. Activity linked to this designation used a phishing kit known as Lighthouse and evolved from earlier PHP-based tooling to a Javalin- and Kotlin-based framework that supported rapid campaign rotation, host-header-based routing, and server-side exfiltration of stolen data to Telegram. The infrastructure design enabled broad reuse across many concurrent phishing campaigns while complicating external scanning and attribution. Operations associated with LARVA-241 targeted U.S. victims using lures themed around vehicle registration and toll road services, with observed impersonation of multiple U.S. states. The actor’s infrastructure showed automated bulk domain registration, short-lived campaign lifecycles, wildcard DNS usage, and rapid TLS certificate provisioning, all consistent with high-volume smishing operations optimized for churn and resilience. The Lighthouse kit attributed within this activity has been linked to Wang Duo Yu, identified as a core developer of the tooling. Reporting also identified an embedded backdoor in distributed kit components that covertly stole operators’ Telegram bot tokens, allowing the developer to access data stolen by downstream operators using the kit. This indicates both a service-provider role within the criminal ecosystem and secondary theft from affiliates or customers of the phishing platform. Known associated names include Smishing Triad and Lighthouse. The actor’s activity is best characterized as financially motivated cybercrime centered on phishing infrastructure development, credential harvesting, and data exfiltration.
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