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CVE-2026-31525 affects the Linux kernel BPF interpreter's signed 32-bit division and modulo handlers, sdiv32 and smod32. These handlers apply abs() to signed 32-bit operands, producing undefined behavior for S32_MIN. On arm64 and x86, the operation returns S32_MIN unchanged; subsequent sign extension to an unsigned 64-bit value causes do_div() to calculate an incorrect result. The BPF verifier's scalar32_min_max_sdiv logic instead calculates the mathematically correct result for range tracking. This verifier/interpreter discrepancy can be exploited for out-of-bounds BPF map value access. The signed 64-bit division and modulo handlers are unaffected because they do not use abs().
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A Linux kernel BPF interpreter vulnerability affecting signed 32-bit division and modulo operations. Applying abs() to S32_MIN causes undefined behavior and incorrect arithmetic results, creating a mismatch with the verifier that can permit out-of-bounds map value access. The signed 64-bit handlers are unaffected. The reference assigns a CVSS v3 base score of 7.8 and recommends updating the affected Google COS kernel packages to version 19506.120.44 or later.
A critical Linux kernel BPF interpreter vulnerability caused by improper use of abs() on s32 values in sdiv32/smod32 handlers, creating a verifier/interpreter mismatch that can enable out-of-bounds map value access, information disclosure, or arbitrary memory manipulation.
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