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MalwareRansomwareUsed by 12 actorsExploits 1 CVE

Ryuk

Ryuk is a ransomware family first discovered in 2018 and widely recognized for targeting enterprise environments, including servers and workstations. Reporting in the provided content links Ryuk deployments to financially motivated operations such as FIN12 and to the Wizard Spider/Russian Spider cybercrime ecosystem; multiple sources in the content also describe Ryuk as originating in Russia or being associated with Russia-based actors. Ryuk has been described as relying on the TrickBot distribution system and as benefiting from EMOTET loader activity, with targeted phishing also cited as an infection vector in some reporting. The malware has been used in attacks against numerous organizations, including U.S. healthcare facilities, and is noted in the content as targeting midmarket and large enterprises.

Behaviorally, Ryuk terminates services and processes related to antivirus and other defenses prior to encryption, including use of kill.bat in documented deployments, and adversaries associated with Ryuk have used tools such as GMER to find and shut down hidden processes and antivirus software. Ryuk has been observed to stop services related to anti-virus, remotely create a scheduled task to execute itself, and inject itself into remote processes to encrypt files using VirtualAlloc, WriteProcessMemory, and CreateRemoteThread. It also impairs recovery by deleting shadow copies with "vssadmin Delete Shadows /all /quiet" and using "vssadmin resize shadowstorage" to force deletion of shadow copies created by third-party applications.

Ryuk includes regional exclusion logic: it queries the registry key HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Control\Nls\Language and the InstallLanguage value, and stops execution if the system language corresponds to Russian (0x419), Ukrainian (0x422), or Belarusian (0x423). The content also notes Ryuk’s role in major ransomware activity and subsequent ecosystem evolution, with some sources describing Conti as a successor or rebrand of Ryuk after Ryuk’s shutdown in June 2021.

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EXPLOITED CVES

Vulnerabilities exploited

1 CVE Mallory has correlated with this family across public research and vendor advisories. Each row links to the full Mallory page for that vulnerability.

1 CVES
CVE-2020-1472ZerologonExploited in the wild

"Privileges have been escalated using Mimikatz, Rubeus4 [13], or by exploiting a Zerologon vulnerability (CVE-2020-1472) [26]."

via cert ssi scadacert.ssi.gouv.fr
THREAT ACTORS

Groups observed using it

12 distinct threat actors attributed by public researchers. Open in Mallory to see the full evidence chain and overlapping campaigns.

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WIZARD SPIDER

The FBI has accused them of hacking into numerous organizations from March 2019 through September 2020, and installing Ryuk ransomware on servers and workstations.

via bank info securitybankinfosecurity.com
NC1878

The Conti ransomware, or malware, first appeared in December 2019, and some security sources said it appeared to be the successor of Ryuk ransomware, which first surfaced around the middle of 2018. Ryuk originated in Russia, and appears to be controlled by a cyber crime gang known as Russian Spider.

via irishtimesirishtimes.com
Russian Spider

The Conti ransomware, or malware, first appeared in December 2019, and some security sources said it appeared to be the successor of Ryuk ransomware, which first surfaced around the middle of 2018. Ryuk originated in Russia, and appears to be controlled by a cyber crime gang known as Russian Spider.

via irishtimesirishtimes.com
Silent Ransom Group

"...gain initial access to corporate networks for Ryuk, and later, Conti ransomware attacks."

via bleeping computerbleepingcomputer.com
TA800

"BazaLoader... subsequently installed a ransomware strain called Ryuk."

via proofpoint threat insight blogproofpoint.com
Ryuk actors

"The operators of Ryuk ransomware are at it again... There was speculation that the Ryuk actors had moved on to a rebranded version of the ransomware, called Conti."

via sophos threat researchnews.sophos.com
FIN6

"Some victims were infected by TrickBot starting in June 2018, then compromised by Ryuk as of August... TrickBot is the loader most responsible for the distribution of Ryuk."

via cert ssi scadacert.ssi.gouv.fr
Indrik Spider

"Some victims were infected by TrickBot starting in June 2018, then compromised by Ryuk as of August... TrickBot is the loader most responsible for the distribution of Ryuk."

via cert ssi scadacert.ssi.gouv.fr
FIN7

The attacks installed ransomware such as Ryuk or REvil, two ransomware strains that have been tied in recent years to FIN7 attacks, according to Gemini Advisory.

via the record mediatherecord.media
APT38

"Some victims were infected by TrickBot starting in June 2018, then compromised by Ryuk as of August... TrickBot is the loader most responsible for the distribution of Ryuk."

via cert ssi scadacert.ssi.gouv.fr
Conti

“The Conti gang has been operational and launching attacks for more than a decade now. It initially launched under the name Ryuk, and later became Conti.”

via risky biz rssnews.risky.biz
DPRK cyber actors

Actors have also been observed using or possessing publically available tools for encryption, such as BitLocker, Deadbolt, ech0raix, GonnaCry, Hidden Tear, Jigsaw, LockBit 2.0, My Little Ransomware, NxRansomware, Ryuk, and YourRansom.

via cisa advisoriescisa.gov
MITRE ATT&CK

Techniques & procedures

32 distinct techniques documented for this family, organized by ATT&CK tactic.

T1583.003Virtual Private ServerEvidence1

the group has continued to host a significant proportion of the C&C infrastructure in the networks of Choopa, a U.S.-based VPS hosting provider

T1588.001MalwareEvidence1

The U.S. and German government’s action today addresses the abuse of virtual currency to launder ransom payments.

Initial Access

2 techniques
T1190Exploit Public-Facing ApplicationEvidence2

Authorities accused him of identifying exploitable vulnerabilities in potential victims' networks. "The data obtained by the hacker was used by his accomplices to plan and carry out cyberattacks," police said.

T1566PhishingEvidence1

Fortunately, the field has taken this [government] advisory very, very seriously and has rapidly bolstered cybersecurity defenses around medical devices and phishing emails, reinforced backups and tested incident response plans.

Execution

4 techniques
T1047Windows Management InstrumentationEvidence1
TacticExecution

Batch script that uses WMIC to execute a BITSAdmin transfer of a payload ransomware to each targeted machine in the comps<##>.txt files.

T1053.005Scheduled TaskEvidence3

During the 2022 Ukraine Electric Power Attack, Sandworm Team leveraged Scheduled Tasks through a Group Policy Object (GPO) to execute CaddyWiper at a predetermined time.

T1059.003Windows Command ShellEvidence3
TacticExecution

During the 2016 Ukraine Electric Power Attack, Sandworm Team used the xp_cmdshell command in MS-SQL. During the 2025 Poland Wiper Attacks, the adversaries leveraged PsExec to run cmd.exe commands on multiple victim machines. Numerous malware families and groups are described as using cmd.exe, cmd /c, Windows command shell, or command-line interfaces to execute commands, payloads, reconnaissance, persistence, cleanup, and ransomware actions.

T1197BITS JobsEvidence1

Batch script that uses WMIC to execute a BITSAdmin transfer of a payload ransomware to each targeted machine in the comps<##>.txt files.

Persistence

5 techniques
T1053.005Scheduled TaskEvidence3

During the 2022 Ukraine Electric Power Attack, Sandworm Team leveraged Scheduled Tasks through a Group Policy Object (GPO) to execute CaddyWiper at a predetermined time.

T1112Modify RegistryEvidence2

Across the content, malware repeatedly 'adds Registry Run keys', 'creates Registry entries', 'modifies the Windows Registry', or 'overwrites registry keys' to maintain persistence.

T1197BITS JobsEvidence1

Batch script that uses WMIC to execute a BITSAdmin transfer of a payload ransomware to each targeted machine in the comps<##>.txt files.

T1547Boot or Logon Autostart ExecutionEvidence1

Examples include 'adds Registry Run keys to establish persistence', 'creates a shortcut in the Startup folder', and 'RunOnce Registry key to run itself on safe mode.'

T1547.001Registry Run Keys / Startup FolderEvidence3

The content repeatedly describes malware and threat actors establishing persistence by adding values under HKCU/HKLM\Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Run or RunOnce, and by placing executables, scripts, .lnk files, or .bat files in the Windows Startup folder.

T1053.005Scheduled TaskEvidence3

During the 2022 Ukraine Electric Power Attack, Sandworm Team leveraged Scheduled Tasks through a Group Policy Object (GPO) to execute CaddyWiper at a predetermined time.

T1055Process InjectionEvidence2

The content repeatedly describes malware and threat actors injecting shellcode, DLLs, or payloads into legitimate processes such as svchost.exe, explorer.exe, iexplore.exe, cmd.exe, lsass.exe, and browser processes.

T1055.001Dynamic-link Library InjectionEvidence1

ROKRAT can use VirtualAlloc, WriteProcessMemory, and then CreateRemoteThread to execute shellcode within the address space of Notepad.exe. Ryuk has injected itself into remote processes to encrypt files using a combination of VirtualAlloc, WriteProcessMemory, and CreateRemoteThread.

T1055.003Thread Execution HijackingEvidence1

ROKRAT can use VirtualAlloc, WriteProcessMemory, and then CreateRemoteThread to execute shellcode within the address space of Notepad.exe. Ryuk has injected itself into remote processes to encrypt files using a combination of VirtualAlloc, WriteProcessMemory, and CreateRemoteThread. Woody RAT can inject code into a targeted process by writing to the remote memory of an infected system and then create a remote thread.

T1484.001Group Policy ModificationEvidence1

In at least one incident, FIN12 used GPOs, scheduled tasks, and WebDAV to execute a RYUK payload hosted on a network file share.

T1547Boot or Logon Autostart ExecutionEvidence1

Examples include 'adds Registry Run keys to establish persistence', 'creates a shortcut in the Startup folder', and 'RunOnce Registry key to run itself on safe mode.'

T1547.001Registry Run Keys / Startup FolderEvidence3

The content repeatedly describes malware and threat actors establishing persistence by adding values under HKCU/HKLM\Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Run or RunOnce, and by placing executables, scripts, .lnk files, or .bat files in the Windows Startup folder.

Stealth

7 techniques
T1027Obfuscated Files or InformationEvidence1
TacticStealth

The content repeatedly describes malware and threat actors using obfuscated code, encrypted strings, Base64/XOR/RC4/AES encoding, VMProtect/ConfuserEx/SmartAssembly, stack strings, control-flow flattening, opaque predicates, and hidden payloads to evade analysis and detection.

T1027.002Software PackingEvidence1
TacticStealth

Since at least February 2020, FIN12 has leveraged a series of in-memory droppers including, MALTSHAKE, ICECANDLE, WHITEDAGGER, WEIRDLOOP, and templates associated with Cobalt Strike's Artifact Kit to deploy various malware payloads.

T1036MasqueradingEvidence1
TacticStealth

During the 2016 Ukraine Electric Power Attack, DLLs and EXEs with filenames associated with common electric power sector protocols were used to masquerade files.

T1055Process InjectionEvidence2

The content repeatedly describes malware and threat actors injecting shellcode, DLLs, or payloads into legitimate processes such as svchost.exe, explorer.exe, iexplore.exe, cmd.exe, lsass.exe, and browser processes.

T1055.001Dynamic-link Library InjectionEvidence1

ROKRAT can use VirtualAlloc, WriteProcessMemory, and then CreateRemoteThread to execute shellcode within the address space of Notepad.exe. Ryuk has injected itself into remote processes to encrypt files using a combination of VirtualAlloc, WriteProcessMemory, and CreateRemoteThread.

T1055.003Thread Execution HijackingEvidence1

ROKRAT can use VirtualAlloc, WriteProcessMemory, and then CreateRemoteThread to execute shellcode within the address space of Notepad.exe. Ryuk has injected itself into remote processes to encrypt files using a combination of VirtualAlloc, WriteProcessMemory, and CreateRemoteThread. Woody RAT can inject code into a targeted process by writing to the remote memory of an infected system and then create a remote thread.

T1197BITS JobsEvidence1

Batch script that uses WMIC to execute a BITSAdmin transfer of a payload ransomware to each targeted machine in the comps<##>.txt files.

Defense Impairment

3 techniques
T1112Modify RegistryEvidence2

Across the content, malware repeatedly 'adds Registry Run keys', 'creates Registry entries', 'modifies the Windows Registry', or 'overwrites registry keys' to maintain persistence.

T1484.001Group Policy ModificationEvidence1

In at least one incident, FIN12 used GPOs, scheduled tasks, and WebDAV to execute a RYUK payload hosted on a network file share.

T1553.002Code SigningEvidence1

FIN12 has frequently leveraged code-signed payloads in their operations.

Discovery

5 techniques
T1016System Network Configuration DiscoveryEvidence1
TacticDiscovery

The content repeatedly describes actors and malware using commands and APIs such as ipconfig /all, ifconfig, arp -a, route print, netsh interface show, GetAdaptersInfo, and GetIpNetTable to gather IP addresses, MAC addresses, DNS, DHCP, gateways, routing tables, ARP cache, proxy settings, and network adapter/interface details.

T1018Remote System DiscoveryEvidence1
TacticDiscovery

BlackEnergy has gathered information about network IP configurations using ipconfig.exe and about routing tables using route.exe.

T1057Process DiscoveryEvidence1
TacticDiscovery

The content repeatedly describes malware and threat actors obtaining lists of running processes, using utilities such as tasklist, ps, WMI, Get-Process, CreateToolhelp32Snapshot, EnumProcesses, and similar APIs/commands to enumerate active processes on victim systems.

T1135Network Share DiscoveryEvidence1
TacticDiscovery

Ryuk has called GetIpNetTable in attempt to identify all mounted drives and hosts that have Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) entries.

T1614.001System Language DiscoveryEvidence1
TacticDiscovery

Avaddon checks for specific keyboard layouts and OS languages to avoid targeting Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) entities... Bazar can perform a check to ensure that the operating system's keyboard and language settings are not set to Russian... Clop has checked the keyboard language using the GetKeyboardLayout() function... Ryuk has been observed to query the registry key HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Control\Nls\Language and the value InstallLanguage.

Lateral Movement

3 techniques
T1021Remote ServicesEvidence1

During Operation CuckooBees, the threat actors used scheduled tasks to execute batch scripts for lateral movement with the following command: SCHTASKS /Create /S <IP Address> /U <Username> /p <Password> /SC ONCE /TN test /TR <Path to a Batch File> /ST <Time> /RU SYSTEM.

T1021.001Remote Desktop ProtocolEvidence1

FIN12 has deployed RYUK manually via RDP in multiple intrusions.

T1021.002SMB/Windows Admin SharesEvidence1

FIN12 has most commonly moved laterally across victim environments using valid credentials in combination with BEACON, EMPIRE, RDP, and SMB.

Collection

1 technique
T1074Data StagedEvidence1

FIN12 stages a ZIP archive with the filename share$.zip in the C:\PerfLogs directory on a domain controller.

T1105Ingress Tool TransferEvidence4

What made EMOTET so dangerous is that the malware was offered for hire to other cybercriminals to install other types of malware, such as banking Trojans or ransomwares, onto a victim’s computer.

Impact

2 techniques
T1486Data Encrypted for ImpactEvidence6
TacticImpact

The FBI has accused them of hacking into numerous organizations from March 2019 through September 2020, and installing Ryuk ransomware on servers and workstations. The ransomware crypto-locked systems, after which the attackers demanded a ransom for a promise to provide victims with a working decryption tool.

T1490Inhibit System RecoveryEvidence2
TacticImpact

Akira will delete system volume shadow copies via PowerShell commands. Avaddon deletes backups and shadow copies using native system tools. Babuk has the ability to delete shadow volumes using vssadmin.exe delete shadows /all /quiet. BlackCat can delete shadow copies using vssadmin.exe delete shadows /all /quiet and wmic.exe Shadowcopy Delete; it can also modify the boot loader using bcdedit /set {default} recoveryenabled No.

Other

1 technique
T1562Impair DefensesEvidence1

The content repeatedly describes threat actors and malware disabling, stopping, uninstalling, or modifying antivirus, EDR, Windows Defender, AMSI, logging, and other security controls.

INDICATORS OF COMPROMISE

IOCs tracked for this family

134 indicators attributed across vendor reports, sandbox runs, and researcher write-ups. Full values are available in Mallory.

View more in app
Network
134 tracked

IPs, domains, and DNS infrastructure linked to this family.

TypeValueLatest sighting
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domain●●●●●●●●●●●●View more in app6 years ago
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What this page doesn’t show

The version that knows your environment.

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IOC matching134

Match every observed IP, domain, and hash against your live telemetry.

Threat actor attribution12

Named campaigns wielding this family, with evidence pinned to each claim.

Exploited vulnerabilities1

CVEs this family uses for access and lateral movement.

Detection signatures

YARA, Sigma, Snort, and vendor rules, auto-deployed to your SIEM.

MITRE ATT&CK mapping32

Every documented technique, ranked by evidence weight.

Researcher chatter

Reddit, Mastodon, and CTI community discussion around this family.